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Who Gets the Test?

Every woman who's pregnant gets the Rh factor test. It's one of the first and most important tests you'll have.

What the Test Does

The Rh factor is a type of protein that's usually on blood cells. When you have this protein, you are considered Rh positive. About 85% of people are Rh-positive. The rest are Rh-negative -- they don't have the protein.

Normally, being Rh-negative has no risks. But during pregnancy, being Rh-negative can be a problem if your baby is Rh-positive. If your blood and your baby's blood mix, your body will start to make antibodies that can damage your baby's red blood cells. This could cause your baby to develop anemia and other problems.

How the Test Is Done

The Rh factor test is a simple blood test. It won’t harm you or your baby.

What to Know About Test Results

If you are Rh-negative and your baby is Rh-positive, try not to worry. At around 28 weeks, your doctor will give you a shot of Rh immunoglobulin (RhIG). This drug stops your body from making antibodies for the rest of your pregnancy. You may need a dose after delivery, too. If you get pregnant again later, you will need further shots of RhIG. If you have any spotting or bleeding during pregnancy, your doctor may chose to give you a shot of Rh immunoglobulin at that time as well. Be sure to check with your doctor if you do have any spotting during pregnancy, especially if you are Rh-negative.
If you already have Rh antibodies, the drug won't work. Instead, your doctor will monitor your baby's health closely. Your baby may need a blood transfusion after delivery -- or sometimes while still in the womb.

How Often the Test Is Done During Your Pregnancy

Once.

Tests Similar to This One

An antibody screen, which checks an Rh-negative person for RH antibodies.

Merbromin (marketed as Mercurochrome, Merbromine, Mercurocol, Sodium mercurescein, Asceptichrome, Supercrome, Brocasept and Cinfacromin) is a topicalantiseptic used for minor cuts and scrapes. Merbromin is an organomercuric disodiumsaltcompound and a fluorescein. Readily available in most countries, it is no longer sold in Switzerland, Brazil, France, Germany, and the United States due to its mercury content.^[1][2][3]

Uses[edit]

Merbromin's best-known use is as a topical antiseptic to treat minor wounds, burns, and scratches.^[4] It is also used in the antisepsis of the umbilical cord^[5] and the antisepsis of wounds with inhibited scar formation, such as neuropathic ulcers and diabetic foot sores.^[6] When applied on a wound, it stains the skin a distinctive carmine red, which can persist up to two weeks through repeated washings.^{[citation needed]} It is useful on infections of the finger or toe nails because of its permanence and lethality to bacteria.^{[citation needed]}

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1998 classified merbromin as not generally recognized as safe due to a lack of recent studies and updated supporting information, not due to evidence of toxicity.^[7]

Mercurochrome

In the United States, its use has been superseded by other agents (e.g., povidone iodine, benzalkonium chloride, chloroxylenol).^{[citation needed]} In Canada, Jean Coutu Group markets a chlorhexidine solution under the 'Mercurochrome' name.^[8]

Merbromin is also used as a biological dye to mark tissue margins and as a metal dye in industrial dye penetrant inspection to detect metal fractures.^{[citation needed]}

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Synthesis[edit]

Merbromin is synthesized by combining dibromofluorescein with mercuric acetate and sodium hydroxide or alternatively, through action of the mercuric acetate upon (or combining with) sodium dibromofluorescein. Because of its anionic character, it is chemically incompatible with acids, the majority of alkaloid salts and most local anesthetics.^[9]

Mercurochrome[edit]

Mercurochrome is a trade name of merbromin. The name is also commonly used for over-the-counter antiseptic solutions consisting of merbromin (typically at 2% concentration) dissolved in either ethyl alcohol (tincture) or water (aqueous). Despite the name, the compound contains no chromium.^{[citation needed]}

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Its antiseptic qualities were discovered in 1918 by Hugh H. Young, a physician at Johns Hopkins Hospital.^[10] The chemical soon became popular among parents and physicians for everyday antiseptic uses, including minor schoolyard injuries.^{[citation needed]} It was commonly referred to as 'monkey blood,' referring to its deep red color.

On October 19, 1998, citing potential for mercury poisoning, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reclassified merbromin from 'generally recognized as safe' to 'untested,' effectively halting its distribution within the United States.^[1] Sales were subsequently halted in Brazil (2001), Germany (2003),^[2] and France (2006).^[3] It is readily available in most other countries.^{[citation needed]}

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Within the United States, products such as Humco Mercuroclear ('Aqueous solution of benzalkonium chloride and lidocaine hydrochloride') play on the brand recognition history of Mercurochrome but substitute other ingredients with similar properties.^[11]

See also[edit]

• Thiomersal, also known as Thimerosal or Merthiolate

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References[edit]

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1. ^ ^ab'Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Mercury Compounds in the List'. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2009-04-30.
2. ^ ^abde:Merbromin
3. ^ ^abfr:Merbromine
4. ^'Prospecto autorizado Mercromina Film ®'(PDF). Retrieved 15 May 2013.^{[permanent dead link]}
5. ^Sellares Casas, E; et al. 'Eficacia de una aplicación frente a 3 de merbromina en el tiempo de caída del cordón'. Acta Pediátrica Española. 60 (9).
6. ^Gaitan Enríquez, J (September 1997). 'Merbromina como tratamiento de elección en úlceras de pie diabético'. Clínica Rural. 497. Se ha estudiado en 72 pacientes la eficacia de la merbromina comparativamente con la clorhexidina como antisépticos usados en la curación de múltiples afecciones en el pie diabético. Con el uso de merbromina se consigue disminuir apreciablemente el tiempo de cicatrización de las heridas, y se ha observado también una ausencia de complicaciones en los casos estudiados.
7. ^'Status of Certain Additional Over-the-Counter Drug Category II and III Active Ingredients'.
8. ^'Antiseptique solution de premiers soins sans mercure, 25 ml – Personnelle : Désinfectant'.
9. ^Budavary, Susan, ed. (1989). The Merck Index, An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (11 ed.). Rahway, New Jersey, USA.: Merck & Co. ISBN091191028X.
10. ^Wilner, I. (2006). The Man Time Forgot: A Tale of Genius, Betrayal, and the Creation of Time Magazine. Harper Collins. p. 230. ISBN0-06-050549-4.
11. ^'Mercuroclear MSDS'(PDF). Humco. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2016-03-03.